Never Worry about Plagiarism with These 60 Tips on Citation Styles

Regardless of what type of writing assignments your professor gives you in university, you must have knowledge of which citation styles to use. Why? Because if you use material from a particular source, you need to credit that source and provide the citation in the appropriate style. If you don’t give proper credit where it is due, you will be plagiarizing a source, and that can come with serious consequences. How many citation styles are there? There are many citation styles. These include APA citation style, MLA citation style, IEEE citation style, Turabian citation style, Vancouver citation style, ACS citation style, Harvard citation style, Chicago citation, and Oxford citation style. You must be aware of each of these. But first: It is critical that you understand some general information on citation styles and how to avoid plagiarism when writing.  And Custom-writing.org is here to help you! General tips When conducting online research for your writing assignment, you need to know what citation style you need to use. It is also critical that you understand how to avoid plagiarism. The following tips will help: Narrow down your topic: You must have a very clear idea of what you will be writing. This will guide your research and help you come up with original ideas and thoughts on the subject. Keep track of sources: It is crucial that you keep track of everything you read. You should record the full URL of every page you use and document everything you read. Record any details required by the citation style you will be using. Take notes: You need to summarize the relevant information you find from all sources you use. You can also record your thoughts on the subject matter (take care to always express them in your own words and never to use words from the original text). Mark fragments of the text: Any fragments of text you are considering citing in your paper should be clearly marked with citation marks, even if it is a single word. If you find fragments from the original source that you think you might use, you should also mark in a unique way (such as by using a different color or italics) and summarize so you will know it requires a citation should you decide to use it. Group URLs: Group the URLs and notes you are making use of in a manner that is meaningful, based on the type of information they contain. To aid you with this task, you can use special software, such as a citation manager, or you can use separate files and folders on your computer. Analyze: The key to avoiding plagiarism is to come up with original thoughts when it comes to the topic of your assignment, and you can do this only if you first analyze the materials found via research. Extract ideas from the text you read, think about them and identify their components and implications. Synthesize: This consists of connecting the various ideas you identified during your analysis and finding new relationships among them. It helps to add to your notes any new thoughts and to regroup your notes according to the new relationships.

Pronouncing Words that Begin with WH

Pronouncing Words that Begin with WH Pronouncing Words that Begin with WH Pronouncing Words that Begin with WH By Maeve Maddox Maria Cypher wrote: Can you weigh in on whether the h in -wh- words (e.g., whether, white, overwhelmed) should be pronounced? This seems to be a regional thing, but I say yes, yes, yes! (And then my friends and relatives mock me.) Im with you, Maria. At least I am on many words that begin with the letter combination wh. Many of our wh words descend from Old English originals that began with the spelling hw: hwa (who) hwaem (whom) hwael (whale) hwaether (whether) hwit (white) The sound [hw] is an aspirate, rather like the sound one makes when blowing out a candle. Its a sound I teach for the phonogram wh. Even if one speaks a dialect that pronounces the spellng wh [hw] as [w] in words like white and whet, learning the wh as a phonogram distinct from the letter w and applying it as a spelling pronunciation is useful in learning to spell correctly. Not knowing the difference can result in writing that startles or misleads: By 1600, the British and Dutch had broken the Spanish and Portuguese naval hegemony, freeing up the spice trade. But trade in spices did not wet the North American palate for hot chili peppers.YaleGlobalOnline WordNavigator.com lists 941 English words that being with the wh spelling. Many of them are different forms of the same word, for example whistle and whistling. Many are words of interest only to Scrabble players. Eliminating the Scrabble words, multiple forms of the same word, and obsolete spellings, I narrowed the list to 70 or fewer. Of this short list, some are words in which the wh has mutated to an h sound (delabialization of /hw/), ex. who, whom, and whore. (I can remember the first time I came across that third wordI was in high schooland went around trying to pronounce it with a [hw]. Talk about being laughed at†¦) Words like white, whet, and whale belong to whats called the wine/whine merger. For most English speakers, the wh in these words is pronounced as a plain w [w]. Maria and I are in the minority. And Id guess that we dont pronounce the same wh words alike. In reviewing my short list of wh words, I find that Im not at all consistent. For example, I would pronounce whizz with the [hw] in this sentence†¦ The arrow whizzed through the air. †¦but Id probably pronounce it [w] in this sentence: Charlie stepped behind the hedge to take a whizz. The only reason I can think of is that I heard the second use of the word in conversation before seeing it written. Then theres whiz as in whiz kid. That, for me, would probably take a [w] sound. Here are some words that I know I pronounce with the breathy [hw] sound†¦ whale whinny whine while whether whisper whistle whiskers †¦but I think I may pronounce these words with a plain w sound: whisky whey whittle white Ah, the mystery of language! Heres a link to all you could ever want to know about The Phonological History of wh. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative ConflictList of 50 Great Word Games for Kids and AdultsI wish I were...

How to Get the Best Dartmouth Peer Recommendation

How to Get the Best Dartmouth Peer Recommendation SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Not only is Dartmouth a very competitive school to get into, it also has an unusual requirement on its application: a letter of recommendation from a peer. This Dartmouth peer recommendation is in addition to two letters from teachers and one from a school counselor. This guide dives a little deeper into what Dartmouth is looking for in a peer recommendation, and how you can get a great one that will impress admissions officers. First, how does Dartmouth describe this special reference letter? Dartmouth's Guidelines for Peer Recommendations Dartmouth "strongly encourages" applicants to send a peer recommendation, which, when applying to such a selective school, should read as "requires." Once you have your recommender, you'll invite her to submit her letter as the "Other Recommender" on the Common Application. When most students come across this requirement, they think, "Dartmouth already has three other reference letters about me. Why does it want another one?" Good question.What exactly is Dartmouth looking for in this peer rec? According to Dartmouth, it wants to get a fresh perspective on you: "We don't want another letter from a teacher, coach, or other supervisory presence in your life; we have enough of those. Ask a peer who can provide fresh insight into your interests and your character." In terms of who qualifies as a peer, Dartmouth says it can be "a friend from school, or camp, or your neighborhood. It might be a teammate, someone from your community of faith, or a co-worker. Perhaps a cousin, a sibling: it doesn't matter." What does matter about who you ask is that this person knows you well and is qualified, by virtue of her relationship with you, to speak to your character and provide an honest and heartfelt recommendation. As Dartmouth says, "Just be sure that the person who writes your Peer Rec can express your strengths and the qualities that you have to share" and "is able to provide us with context about who you are, and what you could bring to our college community." Dartmouth is flexible about whether you ask a friend or relative, and they want someone who presents your strengths and a vision of what you'll contribute to college. Besides what Dartmouth has to say about the peer recommendation, is there anything else that makes it different from a teacher or counselor rec? How Is the Dartmouth Peer Recommendation Unique? Dartmouth is a highly selective and academically rigorous college. In its upcoming Class of 2019, 95% of the class were in the top 10% of their high school classes, and over 38% were valedictorians. That's why a lot of peer recommenders think that they need to rave about their friend's intelligence and academic feats. But that approach might be a mistake. Your teacher recommendations, along with the rest of your application, can speak to your love of learning and commitment to education. Your peer recommender, though, is a great person to talk about your character and personality, as well as to give admissions officers a sense of how you'll interact socially when you arrive to campus. Of course, your recommenders can speak to your boundless curiosity or commitment to a certain area, but they shouldn't feel confined to talking about academic ability. They don't have to emulate a teacher or counselor recommendation. Instead, they can be less formal and more personal. They can show the Dartmouth admissions committee that not only do you have the academic credentials to make it there, but you're also a caring, loyal, funny, or energetic friend. Given that the peer recommendation can focus on your awesome personal qualities and strength of character, who should you ask for this unique reference letter? Someone overwhelmed with schoolwork and college applications might not have time to write you a great letter. Who Should You Ask for a Peer Recommendation? The most important factor in choosing someone to write your peer recommendation is the strength of your relationship with that person. You should choose someone who knows you well and can write insightfully about your personality and goals. The best letters include anecdotes and examples of times that you demonstrated your strengths. Rather than just speaking about what a selfless friend you are, for example, your recommender could describe how you helped her memorize her lines for the school play every day for two weeks. Stories will both make the letter more memorable and paint a more colorful picture of who you are and what values motivate your actions. When choosing your recommender, you also want to be confident that this person admires you and will provide an outstanding, positive recommendation.If there's any potential conflict of interest - for instance, if your friend also has her heart set on getting accepted to Dartmouth - then you might want to reconsider your choice. You should feel confident that your peer recomender genuinely wants to help you get accepted and is motivated to put in the time and effort to write you an exceptional letter. Apart from choosing a close friend who knows you well and can share meaningful stories with the Dartmouth admissions committee, you should consider your friend's writing skills. Is she able to express her ideas clearly and effectively? Can she communicate a powerful endorsement that will stick out to admissions committees? Will she put in the effort to choose her words carefully and not fall into cliches? The best letters take time and effort to craft and often go through several revisions. You want to make sure your friend is able to spend time on your letter to make it the best it can be. It could also be a good idea to share guides, like this one, with your friend about peer recommendations and suggestions on what to include to make the letter stand out. Besides being thoughtful about who you choose as your recommender, what else can you do to get a great peer recommendation for your Dartmouth application? Tell your peer recommender everything she needs to know! Communicate With Your Recommender After asking your friend to write you a peer letter of recommendation, the conversation shouldn't end there!To help your recommender write you a great letter customized to Dartmouth, you should share lots of important information with her. First, make sure she understands the purpose of the peer recommendation, like how she shouldhighlight your primary strengths and personal qualities. Share with her the importance of using examples, along with explaining how she knows you and what she sees you bringing to the Dartmouth campus. Since Dartmouth is such a competitive school, you may be emphasizing a particular interest in your application or plan for future study. Your friend's recommendation can corroborate the story you're telling about yourself, as well as add to it. If you're focusing on your love of literature, for instance, then your friend could talk about the weekly book club you run or the touching poem you wrote her for her birthday. Her recommendation can complement your story and add a personal and memorable touch. She can also make sure she's not repeating too much that's already present in your application, but instead is adding the "fresh perspective" that Dartmouth's looking for. Along similar lines, you should share information about Dartmouth, if needed, so she knows more about the college you're applying to. You can tell your friend all about why you want to go there and what your goals are. Let her know how important the peer recommendation is for helping admissions officers get to know a side of you that your teachers and counselors might not show. Emphasize that peer recs don't have to focus on academic ability, but instead can shed light on personality and social skills. Recommendation letters for college are generally kept confidential, so it's your friend's decision if she wants to share the letter with you for revision or feedback. Even if she doesn't, you can share your ideas with her and help brainstorm. That way you can contribute to what ultimately goes into the letter. Be proactive about sharing resources and information with your peer recommender, and reap the benefits with an outstanding letter. Final Thoughts While a mediocre peer recommendation probably won't sink your application, a strong one could do a lot to paint you as a successful future Dartmouth student. Be thoughtful about who you choose, and make sure to give her enough time and information to do a thorough and effective job. While your peer recommender may want to keep her letter private, you can be confident that the person you asked supports you, knows you deeply, and has the skills and desire to write a great letter. Make sure your friend knows your deadlines (November 1st for early decision and January 1st for regular decision), and how to submit her letter to the Common App. Then all that's left for you to do is send her a big thank you for helping you get into this exciting school! What's Next? Are you thinking about who to ask for your teacher recommendations? Read more about who to ask for a strong letter of recommendation and exactly how to frame your request. If you're applying to a school like Dartmouth, you want to put the same careful planning into the rest of your application as you do your peer recommendation. For help in this, check out our guide on how to build a versatile college application. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Cybercrime and Digital Evidence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cybercrime and Digital Evidence - Assignment Example Nonetheless, the internet users must adopt and apply all the necessary cyber privacy policies. The currently increasing modes of cybercrimes include encryption and anonymity that are growing to advance levels. Nonetheless, computer forensic has remained a vital tool in eliminated all cybercrimes as well as convicting such related criminals including sexual predators, terrorists, and murders. Terrorists may use the internet platform to recruit members and plan their terror acts, while the sexual predators are likely to use social media sites to lure potential victims. Most of these crimes usually go undetected especially when the criminal investigation team uses technologies that were implemented before some computer technological advancements (Maras 151). However, the criminal investors must note that none is lost and they can still pursue cyber criminals even if they delete the information that may be regarded as illegal data or information. Notably, when persons use computer, they often think that when they delete such information or data, all such is erased completely. On the contrary, such files and data usually remain in the hard disc; thus, providing platform of investigating and or tracking cyber related criminal activities. Deleted file and data usually remain in the in a binary form because of â€Å"data remanence† that is also considered as residual data presentation. Extraction of such data and files are avenues that cybercrime investigators should deploy to prosecute the criminals. In fact, deleting of the file and or data is just a mere renaming the data or file and hiding it from the user. This means that the original file can still be recovered in its original content; thus, can be used for prosecution (Maras 172). Therefore, the public or persons who have experienced cybercrime related activities must not serge on the pretext that the suspected criminal has deleted the information they used against them, but they should report the same si nce such information could be retrieved for further actions. Additionally, the global position systems (GPS) software is usually embedded in the satellite a smartphones navigation systems are also modes of prosecution since they can be used to track a suspect. The GPS related information can be traced from the form manufacturers since the companies that develop this software usually develop satellite navigators; therefore, using necessary tools and technologies the computer forensic experts should liaise with the GPS developer to obtain the information that they need for crime purposes. Notably, information usually travels through internet through the GPS systems and the same is distributed through satellite. However, the use of GPS to track criminal may be turn futile since GPS software is only limited to certain address listing. In fact, the current GPS software systems do not record time when the address was achieved; thus, using them will make it difficult to determine when the alleged crime was committed. Moreover, it may be difficult to ascertain whether the address recorded in the GPS software system was automatically generated or was a mere input to implicate a person. Therefore, it would be advisable for the computer fore

Elements of an effective Leader Ulysses Grant Research Paper

Elements of an effective Leader Ulysses Grant - Research Paper Example Such is the focus of this essay. The man: Ulysses Grant Until today, scholars do not totally agree how Grant should be viewed as a leader. Though, he was esteemed a great Civil War hero and a great military commander, too; some would also say he was a butcher. Though many would say he was a major failure as a president; today some scholars are reconsidering such view, saying: â€Å"†¦ Grant was a good president; certainly a strong one† (Skidmore, 2008, p. 221). Perhaps, these opposing views could be attributed to the complex character of the man whose life was lived in the most challenging times of US history. Good thing though, scholars at least agree on five things about Grant. First, Hiram Ulysses Simpson Grant, the eldest among the six children (3 boys and 3 girls) of Jesse Root Grant and Hannah Simpson (Taylor, 2006, p. D05), is no extra-ordinary lad with an extra-ordinary life lived during challenging times. Aside from his unmatched excellence in horsemanship â€⠀œ â€Å"a skill that served him well in the Civil War, when he remained eighteen hours a day and more in the saddle without tiring, a feat that astonished his staff† (Goode, 1999, p. ... (McDowell, 2004, p. B06) His life is evidently a history of success and failure. Admirably though, in success, in failure, and even in death, Grant had consistently faced life’s challenges calmly. Second, Grant is a complex man (Bartholomees, 2002, p. 133) filled with great contradictions. Drain, the executive producer of American Experience describes him as a man hailed from an educated family, yet a school bum; a man who hates violence and the sight of blood, yet had been a brutal commander (cited in Lasner, 2002, p. 20). A man devoid of any qualities of greatness yet had saved and united this nation. A man of constant failure yet in his not so distinct previous military career had earned President Lincoln’s trust and confidence against the opposition of many, had been able to tame and discipline the seemingly hopeless rowdy Illinois regimen, and had defeated Robert E. Lee’s forces, victoriously ending the bloody Southern rebellion (Goode, 1999, p. 330; Lasner, 2002, p. 20). An honest man yet his administration were best known for many scandals involving his own people – his secretary of war (William Belknap) and private secretary (Gen. Orville Babcock). Among the major scandals that smeared his term were the Black Friday (September 24, 1869), Whiskey Ring (1875), and Belknap Bribery (1876). (Toppin, 2002, pp. 244-246) Also, a child of the frontier, a drunkard and a stern military commander, yet rarely swears using only the oath ‘doggone it’ and acts with ‘girlish modesty’. According to him, â€Å"no one had seen him naked since he was a boy.† (Goode, 1999, p.330) Third, Grant was a happy family man finding contentment and solace in the company of his wife, Julia Dent, and four

Media and Mass Communications Development on a Healthy Mature Culture Essay Example for Free

Media and Mass Communications Development on a Healthy Mature Culture Essay This argumentative essay is specially made to discuss the possibility for media and mass communication to nurture the development of a healthy, mature culture. Overall, the process of media and mass communication media development has already caused changes in the public sphere. The digitalization of media dramatically increases the chances of the people to get an access to the information, which is transferred instantly and often has not been edited by the people in government or media bosses. Thus, the information is now very complicated to control and therefore public has more opportunities to form its own opinion by comparing the facts from the different sources. The major problem, which could be seen right away, is the relation between the today’s process of media development and the actual development of a healthy culture. An assumption could be suggested that media and mass communication are able to influence the development of a healthy and mature culture, but it will require some significant changes form both media owners and their employees, as well as from society itself. Let’s de-construct the elements of the question and consider them in details in order to provide the better analysis. Strinati (2004) claims that the coming of the mass media and the increasing commercialization of culture and leisure resulted in the rise of issues, interests and debates which are still with us today. The researchers talk about culture, but what exactly is a culture? The word origin of culture or, the Latin root of the term is â€Å"colere,† meaning anything from cultivating to inhabiting, protecting, or worshipping. Modern definition of culture is the following: it is a growing sum of â€Å"knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations. † (Muller, 2005) Cultures differ depending on the mentioned elements of culture. As the examples of different cultures, the culture of Eastern and Western countries could be named. Mature† means the situation or the final condition when the full desired growth or development has been reached. â€Å"Healthy† means the robust and well condition; it is also an efficient and sound being. â€Å"Development† is a positive change; it is also a process of growth and an evolution. The word â€Å"nurture† means the act of helping to grow or develop; it is also an act of cultivation of some characteristics. â€Å"Media† are the means of communication that reach large numbers of people, for example, television, newspapers, radio and internet. In agreement to Morley (2000) the current global culture is the culture of hyper mobility where â€Å"we often engaged in border-crossings of one kind or another, but the nature and functions of borders themselves are shifting†. (Morley,2000) We live in the information economy era, in the era of new progressive technologies and communications that break the borders, in the times of social and economic evolution, the public sphere experiences new challenges and face new opportunities in this world full of complexity. Without a doubt the influence of modern mass communication over the culture is considerable. The shifts in the social and other aspects that are influenced by the spread of technologies and new media are powerful and they change our lifestyle, our habits and hobbies: they change the way we are living. Power and Scott (2004), argue the significance of mass media technology for economic and social life may be shown by considering certain developments of the 21st century. The situation in the 21st century in terms of the cultural development and its influence on people is much more complex than ever before. The introduction of internet has a significant influence over business and education because it provides greater learning opportunities than ever before. It is clear that the benefits of new technologies and mass communication for the education are enormous. Many experts claim that media influence the way we live in both positive and negative ways. An individual that aims to gain a significant social success almost can’t achieve it without at least slight use of the information gained through mass communication. Therefore these options can’t be ignored because they affect the majority of spheres of life and bring certain experience of social change. The development of mass media presents some outstanding social opportunities. But at the same time, the successful rise of mass media has also brought up concerns about the negative consequences of its spreading. There no doubt that mass communications and media have the tremendous influence over society and its culture. Bloomfield, Coombs Knights, 2000) These changes lead to â€Å"new era economics† also known as a knowledge economy, non-linear effects, an unpredictable future, a redefinition of terms, time/distance changes, and much greater transparency. (Bloomfield, Coombs Knights, 2000) Without a doubt, media sector experience dramatic transformations both in terms of the access to the information, the speed of the information spreading throughout the world and the increasing inability to control the information by the media o wners or the government institutions. The processes of total digitalization and media convergence have started in 2000s and the majority of mass media indicate the possibility of turning the print media into fully digital forms by 2020 or 2025. Digital media has potentially revolutionary impact on the lifestyle of society. There is also an idea that media development and digital revolution are the ways â€Å"into an unknown and fundamentally changed future. † (Feldman, 1997) New media and new way of communications not only influence the culture of society, but they also change the way and manners of the socialization of its members. The major advantage of electronic communication and information technologies is the capability to transfer the information faster, at a lower cost, and to more people while also offering increased data communality, and processing. Another important aspect in which the media and mass communication can influence and nurture the development of a new healthy culture is the improved opportunity of learning by obtaining necessary information much faster and easier than ever before. Information acquisition is the process by which information is obtained from the environment and added to the collective stock of knowledge of a person or society in general. Fast information distribution provided by the modern mass communication allows sharing information sources among members of society freely, without the governmental control. The new mass communication also store information, and it plays a critical role in the development of culture, since socially accepted past experiences need to be accumulated for future use.

Twelve Angry Men Plot Essay -- essays research papers

Plot: â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† is an interesting and exciting jury-room confrontation in which an "open and shut case" becomes strenuous as twelve strangers scuffle for answers. The trial involves a nineteen-year-old boy, who is suspect of killing his father in a late-night altercation with an extraordinary knife. His fate now lies in the hands of 12 jurors, each with his own determination to solve the case and reveal the truth. As the session takes its course, evidence becomes scrutinised, tempers rise, and the jury room erupts in a shouting brawl because one such juror finds reasonable doubts in the two testimonies that were deemed credible enough to convict. In his fight for an acquittal, the singled out juror found that the testimonial evidence was not only unreliable, but the timely fashion in which both the man and the woman alleged to have seen and heard the defendant were by far insufficient. Upon reaction to his vote, the dubious jurors immediately began que stioning the man, not understanding how he could possibly think that way. Nevertheless, the adamant juror held his ground and the votes were: 11 guilty, and 1 not guilty, but the decision had to be unanimous. Character: First there were those that couldn't care less about the outcome, then there was Davis, the tenacious juror who held a firm grip onto the possibility of reasonable doubt in the case. He demonstrated his personal strength of mind and tried eliminating any individual prejudices for the best po...

Wikileaks Case Study

Case Facts: †¢WikiLeaks is an international, online, self-proclaimed not-for-profit organisation that publishes submissions of undisclosed and secret information, news leaks, and highly classified media from anonymous sources and whistleblowers. †¢The head of the online organisation, which was founded in 2006, is Australian born, Julian Assange. †¢Its purpose is to provide whistleblowers with a domain to publish their case to the public and preserve their identity (Lennon 2010). †¢Exposes various government and privately owned organisations. First major act of exposure was the publication of Republican vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin's emails by WikiLeaks (DeFraia 2012). †¢Another act of exposure released on its website showed a US military helicopter firing at a group of enemy suspects, which were in fact Iraqi civilians including children (DeFraia 2012). †¢Since the release of this video, WikiLeaks has publicly aired millions of confidential pu blications (WikiLeaks 2012). †¢WikiLeaks publishes war logs from Iraq: 400,000 confidential US documents on the Iraq war from 2004 to 2009 (DeFraia 2012). Interpol put Julian Assange on most-wanted list. Suspected of rape. As a result, Paypal cuts off WikiLeaks from using its services, thus ceasing donations (DeFraia 2012). DECISION MAKER: A decision maker by definition is someone who administers a business (Farlex 2012). In the case of WikiLeaks, according to the definition, this would be Julian Assange as he is the head of the WikiLeaks organisation. Ultimately it is Assange’s decision to release classified information to the general public through his website. ETHICAL ISSUES AND ASSUMPTIONS:The assumption that can be made in this case is that Julian Assange was always aiming to smear the reputation of certain organisations and expose classified information. His WikiLeaks website provided him with the medium to do this as it allowed people wanting to expose classified information to do so as an anonymous source. The controversy surrounding the WikiLeaks case, and discussion by the general public, centres on whether it is ethical to release private and confidential information to society. This is the main issue that the organisations that are being exposed are arguing as it is damaging to their reputation.Another issue is that from the perspective of the organisations that are hiding this confidential information. Should they be ethically bound to release all information that may affect the general public to society? In reality, WikiLeaks is acting unethically by invading people’s privacy in order to expose them, and is it really to the benefit of society? However, they argue that what they do is public disclosure whistleblowing, and they argue that the public has a right to know what its government is doing (Cox 2010). ETHICAL DILEMMA: The ethical dilemma in this case is found to be: To release classified information to the general publicO R Not to release classified information to the general public These two dilemmas have undesirable outcomes for the decision maker and all parties concerned. Releasing the information to the general public will cause continued criticism of WikiLeaks plus create a backlash for the organisations involved. To not release classified information to the general public could see organisations continue to get away with unethical acts. UTILITARIANISM: There are numerous parties who are directly and indirectly affected by both considered actions. These groups are: †¢Julian Assange †¢General public Informants releasing information to WikiLeaks (Whistleblowers) †¢Targeted organisations †¢Employees of targeted companies/organisations †¢WikiLeaks employees From a utilitarian framework point of view all of the above mentioned stakeholders need to be analysed on how the ethical dilemma will affect each of them. There will be positive and negative consequences for each of the parties, be it in the long term or short term. To release classified information to the general public †¢Julian Assange oReceive ongoing criticism and scrutiny from affected parties – short/long term oContinued support from whistleblowers – long term General public oWill continue to be informed about unethical practices by certain companies and organisations – long term oIncreased scepticism of large organisations and governments – long term †¢Whistleblowers oContinued support of WikiLeaks as a medium for publication of classified information – long term oEasy and anonymous alternative to traditional whistleblowing – short term †¢Targeted organisations oLoss of reputation because of the revelation of unethical practices – short/long term oMistrust from the public in the organisation because of unethical practices – short/long term oLoss of productivity – short/long term Employees of targeted organisations oAffected through downturn of productivity, which may result in them being made redundant/sacked – short/long term †¢WikiLeaks employees oRetain employment – long term Not to release classified information to the general public †¢Julian Assange oNo information to release – long term oCease in funding – long term oTermination of WikiLeaks as an organisation †¢General public oWon’t be made aware of unethical practices – long term †¢Whistleblowers oLose the medium to anonymously expose organisations partaking in unethical acts – long term †¢Targeted organisations Confidential information remains classified – long term oMaintain positive productivity – long term oReputation remains intact – long term †¢Employees of targeted organisations oWill maintain employment – long term †¢WikiLeaks employees oWill lose their jobs – long term Recommendation: When applying the utili tarianism framework to the ethical dilemma, the greatest good for the greatest number applies. In this case, the greatest good for the greatest number would be for WikiLeaks to release the classified information to the general public as they are the greatest number.This decision would negatively affect the organisations that are being exposed as well as their employees. Even though employees at these firms may subsequently lose their jobs because of the exposure of confidential information, the general public will be the greater benefactor as they will be made aware of the immoral actions of these organisations and thus be more cautious when it comes to interacting with them. Therefore I recommend the release of information to the general public. KANTIANISM: From a Kantian view point, the decision maker is obligated to act in the best interests of the general public as they are the main stakeholders.From the ethical dilemma, which is either to release classified information to the g eneral public or not to release classified information to the general public, two maxims are developed. In this case they are: To always be honest with the general public Or To never be honest with the general public Applying the Categorical Imperative: To always be honest with the general public The above maxim passes the universalisable test, as every organisation must always be honest with the general public, as then organisations will always be trusted and maintain a high standard of integrity.The maxim, to always be honest with the general public, also passes the Respect for Persons test, as the decision maker is being honest to the public and fulfilling his duty by respecting them as people. This maxim also passes the autonomy of rational beings assessment as it is not restricting their right to freedom of information. This action passes all the Categorical Imperative criteria, thus the maxim is ethical. To never be honest with the general public Again, using the universalisab le test, the second maxim does not pass.If every organisation is dishonest then this will lead to distrust of organisations concerned by the general public. As for the respect for persons test, this maxim also fails. As honesty is a sign of respect, then being dishonest to the general public is not respecting them as human beings. The last Categorical Imperative, autonomy of rational beings, also fails because the intent of the decision maker is to supply honest information to the general public, which in this case he would not do. Overall, this maxim fails in all three Categorical Imperative criteria, thus the action in unethical. Recommendation:From a Kantianism point of view, a maxim must pass all three Categorical Imperative tests in order for it to be declared ethical. In this case, the second maxim failed to pass all three tests and therefore cannot be judged ethical. However, the first maxim, to be honest with the general public, passed all three criteria and therefore can be determined as an ethical course of action for the decision maker. With regard to the case, the recommendation would be for WikiLeaks and Julian Assange to release classified information to the general public. RIGHTS ANALYSIS: The below rights are concerned with this ethical dilemma:Julian Assange †¢The negative right to freedom of speech, which obligates others not to take this right away from him. †¢The negative right to autonomy, which obligates other people to abstain from taking this right away from him. Informants releasing information to WikiLeaks (Whistleblowers) †¢The negative right to freedom of speech, which obligates others not to take this right away. †¢The negative right to autonomy, which obligates other people to abstain from denying this right. Targeted organisations †¢The negative right to confidentiality, which obligates others to refrain from denying them this right. The negative right to make decisions from a business perspective, which obligates others to resist from taking this away from them. †¢The negative right to autonomy, which obligates other people to abstain from denying this right. General public †¢The positive right to freedom of information, which obligates others not to deny them of this right. Clash: Under the rights framework, there is a clash between Julian Assange’s right to freedom of speech and the targeted organisation’s right to confidentiality. Recommendation: Due to the clash, it must be determined which right overrides the other.The targeted organisation’s right to confidentiality is deemed to be more important in the scheme of the situation in relation to Assange’s right to freedom of speech by releasing the information. As the information that the organisations are keeping confidential is often very sensitive, Assange must respect this right of these organisations. Therefore, it is recommended that the decision maker (Assange) not release the informat ion under the rights framework. CONFUCIAN ETHICS: Using this ethical framework, the ethical dilemma must be analysed against the relevant Confucian virtues. Ren:This virtue relates to humaneness with the goal of benefiting a workplace, community, sub-group or any relevant stakeholders. In relation to the case, Julian Assange can be seen to be acting humanely by informing the community of the wrongdoings of the organisations concerned. Yi: This virtue relates to righteousness or justice and involves doing what is ethically just in a certain situation, particularly from a business sense. In relation to the case, Assange is acting as a moral character by considering what is best for the general public and in turn acting justly and rightly by releasing the classified information to the public.Xin: This virtue relates to integrity and faithfulness. In relation to the case, Assange is acting with integrity by exposing wrongdoings to the general public and thus acting in adherence to moral and ethical principles. He is also displaying faithfulness to WikiLeaks followers as he continues to release information even though he is under scrutiny from various areas of society. Recommendation: In examining the case study against the relevant Confucian virtues it can be recommended that it would be appropriate for Julian Assange to release the information to the general public.In following the golden rule, do not do to others what you would not like done to yourself, I would not like important information kept from me. Therefore Assange is acting in accordance with this framework by releasing the information. FINAL RECOMMENDATION: In summary, after analysing the ethical dilemma against the four ethical frameworks, it can be concluded that the morally just course of action for the decision maker, Julian Assange, would be to release classified information to the general public. All four frameworks produced the same outcome through their different processes.From the organisatio ns’ viewpoint, they would like to keep the publications as classified as possible, however it is impossible for them to prevent parties who are aware of the information informing WikiLeaks of the wrongdoings. The act of supplying information to WikiLeaks is becoming increasingly popular because of the anonymous factor and is becoming a more favoured way of whistleblowing as there are no repercussions. A mitigation strategy for this case is not exactly clear cut. It’s hard for WikiLeaks to find an effective strategy that is as impactful and informative to the public.The strategy I have decided on is that Assange can inform the relevant authorities in a private manner if any organisations have demonstrated illegal activities, and only report on specific activities that are illegal. This will mean that the organisations that do have confidential information to protect will remain confidential. This strategy will also mean that the whistleblower will remain anonymous. This is a strategy similar to WikiLeaks, however it will mean that only the illegal actions are exposed and reported to the necessary authorities for them to announce to the general public. REFERENCES:Cox, T 2010, ‘Is WikiLeaks brave or unethical? ’, National Public Radio, 10 November 2010, viewed 21 September 2012. ; http://www. npr. org/2010/11/30/131699467/is-wikileaks-release-brave-or-unethical; DeFraia, D 2012, ‘WikiLeaks Timeline: key moments’, Global Post, 16 August 2012, viewed 21 September 2012. Farlex Inc 2012, Princeton University USA, viewed 22 September 2012. Lennon, R 2010, ‘Case Study of the WikiLeaks Whistleblower’, Dublin City University, viewed 21 September 2012. ; http://www. ruairi. info/ethics. pdf; WikiLeaks 2012, no source recorded, viewed 21 September 2012. ; http://wikileaks. org/;

Discuss the Character and Functions of Sandra Essay

â€Å"Beautiful Thing† is set in London this is used to illustrate what Sandra’s character is like. Sandra Gangle is a tough middle class woman, who lives in a tidy council flat in South London. Sandra is house proud she likes everything in it to be nice looking. An example of this is the hanging baskets hanging on the wall out side her house. Sandra also looks after her self we can tell this by the Body Shop products on the floor. Sandra has many roles in this play, which include being mother, neighbour, barmaid, single parent, workingwoman and a girlfriend. Sandra is a survivor in the sense that she is bringing up a son all on her own and she has to pay for every thing her self. â€Å"When I had three pee in my purse I went robbing for that boy† This Indicates Sandra’s loyalty towards to her son, and how much she cares for him and tries to provide for him. An alternative example of how deprived Sandra was that â€Å"I couldn’t afford a cot† This proves that however much Sandra tried and robbed she still couldn’t afford the basics. Sandra is also very abusive, using foul language to insult people. A good example of Sandra’s abusive language is the first word of the play, which is â€Å"SLAG.† This shows a major part of Sandra’s character and is used to set the scene for the rest of the story. Although Sandra uses foul language she prevents Jamie using it by saying â€Å"Language, Jamie!† when he tells Leah â€Å"I don’t need fuckin’ ‘elp.† This is because it is disrespectful to use to bad language and she wants to bring him up to the best of her ability. Foul language is mainly used to add tension to the story. Sandra character is harsh in the way that she talks to people. This can be demonstrated by the way she talks to Leah on several occasions â€Å"Face facts Leah, no bugger wants you† and â€Å"shut up† By saying this Sandra is being tactless and insensitive towards Leah’s feelings. Sandra is most thoughtless towards Leah. Sandra is also harsh in the way she describes Steve’s father â€Å"We all know his dad leathers him, I’m only having a laugh.† This is used to demonstrate how heartless and insensitive Sandra really is. Steve’s father was very aggressive towards him on numerous occasions. He punches him for know reason and even threw him out once for burning the toast. One time when Steve was thrown out he went round to see Sandra to explain what had happened to him. The type of caring person that Sandra is she took him in. After listening to Steve she told him he could stay the night. Then said this to Steve’s dad â€Å"Your little Steven’s round at our place tonight. I’ve every mind to report you.† This shows the sensitive and caring side that Sandra has. Among all Sandra’s responsibilities she tries her best to monitor Jamie’s progress at school. Sandra makes sure of this by the phrase â€Å"I shall be checking your homework when I get in.† This is to ensure he is doing well. Sandra is also very unreliable like when she is supposed to check Jamie’s homework she doesn’t even though she promises too do so. Telling Jamie â€Å"Ooh, Sod that, I’m knackered† gives a mixed impression that she is trying her best to provide money but is short of time due to working, and this is why she is tired. Another shocking point is that Sandra is incredibly judgemental. Coming to negative conclusions without thinking about the consequences and affects that it has on other people. Sandra proves her character is judgemental by telling Leah â€Å"A Leopard never changes its spots and a slapper never changes her knickers.† An alternative example of Sandra being judgmental is when she tells Jamie â€Å"I want you inside. She’s a bad influence.† Both these quotes prove how Sandra is quick to form an unpleasant opinion of someone. Additionally Sandra is also extremely boastful and is keen to tell others about her achievements. Bragging to a group of friends telling them â€Å"I won that hanging basket in the south east Thames barmaid at the year awards.† Sandra is proving that she is significantly more than an average barmaid the proof of this was winning the award.

Literary Terms Figurative Language Essay Example

Literary Terms Figurative Language Essay Example Literary Terms Figurative Language Paper Literary Terms Figurative Language Paper Essay Topic: Literature literal language language that means exactly what it says figurative language writing or speech that is not meant to be taken literally (same as figure of speech) figure of speech A word or phrase that describes one thing in terms of another and is not meant to be taken on a literal level simile comparison using like or as metaphor a comparison of two unlike things without using the word like or as. extended metaphor a metaphor which extends over several lines or an entire poem conceit extended metaphor hyperbole an extreme exaggeration personification giving human qualities to animals or objects irony the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning verbal irony occurs when what is said contradicts what is meant or thought, The contrast between what is said and what is actually meant. irony of situation this refers to a happening that is the opposite of what is expected or intended (same as situational irony) dramatic irony In this type of irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or a piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work euphemism a mild, indirect, or vague term substituting for a harsh, blunt, or offensive term apostrophe a figure of speech in which one directly addresses an absent or imaginary person, or some abstraction metonymy a figure of speech that uses the name of an object, person, or idea to represent something with which it is associated, such as using the crown to refer to a monarch ; Also, The pen is mightier than the sword. antithesis a statement in which two opposing ideas are balanced synecdoche a figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole or the whole for a part idiom An expression that cannot be understood if taken literally (ex- Get your head out of the clouds). symbolism A device in literature where an object represents an idea. oxymoron a figure of speech consisting of two apparently contradictory terms paradox A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. cliche a worn-out idea or overused expression

Synonyms for Think

Synonyms for Think Synonyms for Think Synonyms for Think By Mark Nichol The bland verb think (from the Old English word thencan, and cognate with thank) is easily supplanted by any one of an impressive assortment of synonyms, each of which has a precise connotation think cannot match. Here are some to think about. To cogitate is to think deeply and intently; the root of the word, which is unrelated to cognition (which refers to knowledge rather than thinking), stems from agitare (meaning â€Å"drive†), from which we also get agitate. Contemplate connotes thought that is extensive as well as deep; another sense is â€Å"view as possible or probable.† The root of contemplatus, the Latin source word, is templum, the word for a place where omens are observed; it is cognate with temple. Deliberate means to think carefully, as implied by its source, the adjective deliberate. An additional sense is â€Å"discuss before making a decision,† as when a legislative body meets to decide about whether to pass a law. (The derivation is from deliberare, meaning â€Å"consider carefully,† the root is possibly libra, meaning â€Å"pound† or â€Å"scale,† with the sense of weighing.) To meditate is to focus one’s thoughts on something; the word, which can, alternatively, allude to planning, also refers to a mental exercise conducted in order to achieve a high state of spiritual awareness. (Meditate is derived from the Latin verb mederi, meaning â€Å"remedy,† and is related to medical and medicine.) Mull, from the Middle English noun mul, meaning â€Å"dust,† is cognate with meal and refers not only to lengthy consideration but also to grinding. Ponder has the connotation of carefully weighing a problem (as a matter of fact, ponder stems from the Latin verb ponderare, meaning â€Å"weigh,† and is related to ponderous), with the implication of extended inconclusive thinking. A similar term with the same etymological origin is perpend. Reflect means, among other things, â€Å"think calmly and quietly†; its root is from flectere (meaning â€Å"bend†), which is also the source of flex. To ruminate is to slowly and repeatedly go over something as if chewing it like a ruminant, a type of animal, such as a cow, that chews its food over and over again. (The word stems from the Latin term rumen, the name in that language and in English for part of a cow’s stomach.) â€Å"Chew over† is an informal synonym. Others include the word eye and the phrases â€Å"kick around,† â€Å"pore over,† and â€Å"wrestle with.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)A While vs Awhile3 Types of Essays Are Models for Professional Writing Forms

The value of leadership in the contemporary healthcare organisations Essay

The value of leadership in the contemporary healthcare organisations - Essay Example The research paper â€Å"The value of leadership in the contemporary healthcare organizations† highlights the leadership issues of human resource management and the leadership of clinicians and other stakeholders. The National Health Service (NHS) in the UK is faced daily with issues that make service delivery more and more challenging. These problems bare a direct effect on the health of every individual, because if the Healthcare organs function in a strain it would transcend into less quality services provided. Healthcare workers include various professionals from Doctors, nurses, administrators and sundry other stakeholders who are relevant to the delivery of good Healthcare are affected by the issues of funding, inadequate or shortage of manpower. However in the NHS one major clog in the wheel of adequate, humane healthcare delivery is the issue of personnel. Due to the nature of synergistic collaboration needed to provide adequate services at these organisations, human r esources management must be at the most efficient level. Bickering among stakeholders from Government agents to Medical staff has escalated, assuming alarming proportions. Therefore the importance of rightly qualified persons to handle all aspects of healthcare institutions is all too clear. Every healthcare worker should know what values they are supposed to believe in and strive for. Leadership will be seen to be failing if it is not setting the right examples. A good manager must know how and when to use any style of Leadership.